The trappings of brand are so clearly defined, its delineations so firm one wonders how the object of such a construction can ever receive the affection of a buyer, customer or consumer. Yet it is with affection that one becomes close to products or services. This affection is a relative term to be sure, but it helps us think of how products and services become chosen. Over-emphasis on the technological elements of brand keep us from the actual feel of the person. And we neglect those tonalities which can build affection. Rules, architecture and brand literature have become ends in themselves, assuring that incursions into intuition, exploration, and musings are de-valued currencies.
Many companies use brand as a physical control mechanism through grids, templates and type dictates, in the hope that aggregate physical uniformity will build positive awareness. A solely physical aesthetic becomes outdated almost as soon as it is established, and its use, restricts its efficacy whereas an approach using tonal value as the essential element is not affected by time or space as there is no physical trail, merely feeling.
I use “tonal value” to describe a mechanism for ensuring that a given product or service is stimulating that inner core of affectionate feeling. Although tonality in our business normally refers to an approach stance taken in a specific execution, tonal value here is the feeling of comfort emanating from the person relative to a given product. It is always important that the tonal value strives to increase the affection in which a product is held, not just in the execution of the advertising.
Because we are interested in the positive feelings a company or brand elicits, we must design tonalities which enhance and encourage these feelings. But often we seem concerned with rigid architectural grids and logical appeal masquerading as feeling. Yet brands like Nike are unhampered by a need to have physical commonality in their advertising as long as the tonality remains constant to the feeling Nike wants to engender and enrich. And so Nike work may have words, no words, hand-written scripts , illustration, photography, people, no people, but it will always have the same tonality. And it results in advertising which eases its way into the marrow of positive feeling consumers have for Nike, without danger of becoming outdated.
Rather than projecting a structured message, this work draws the reader into the advertisement, fostering participation. I have called this pulling in of the reader/viewer; ingression. In a similar way to Nike work, some Volkswagen work has been very ingressive, using nuance and subtlety to stroke those deep affectionate feelings people have for the car, letting the windshield wipers grooving sweep enrich an experience of feeling, bringing the people in the car into empathy with their outside world. Another spot continues this feeling as we see people exuding good feelings, passing them on, relating to life, being inclusive, all under the aegis of a Volkswagen. This is such a powerful and positive change from earlier Quebec Volkswagen Golf spots which had a macho and surly: “Tasse-toi mon oncle!” (Get out of the way!) projected attitude which may have momentarily excited an element of the market but did nothing to enhance love, need and affection for a Volkswagen.
An ingressive approach, isn’t in your face, it’s in your soul. And it’s nothing new. There have been many campaigns which used a rhetorical approach to involve readers, viewers or listeners. What these campaigns do is involve by insisting on participation in the recipient’s own terms.
For example, in the late 1970’s, The Long Distance Feeling juxtaposed familial scenes with romantic love songs, each one resurrected from the past.
These songs; Near You, Anytime, and Are You Lonesome tonight, had been old hits revived yet again by Elvis Presley. Their rights were bought for as little as $2500. Today, published hits can cost a million. There were bargains lying around in the ‘70s, waiting to be discovered and to connect again with the feelings of people.
The scenes in The Long distance Feeling were purposely left unresolved, so the viewer could participate by inserting her or himself in the scene, and thereby creating it. No one was ever seen with a phone and no phone ever appeared. Morris Wolfe, writing in Saturday Night noted:
There’s a poignancy, a bitter-sweetness about this sixty seconds of film that I find quite overwhelming. There’s a Japanese flavour to it, its individual images expand in my head like good haiku; the cumulative effect of the images is reminiscent of the work of the great Japanese filmmaker Yasujiro Ozu. The world of Ozu is the world seen through the eyes of a devout Buddhist kneeling on his or her tatami mat. It’s a world of fleeting human experience, filled with what the Japanese call mono no aware, sympathetic sadness. (Poor old Ozu would turn over in his grave to hear his work compared with a television commercial.)
I know that in the U.S. long-distance calls covering the same distance as calls in Canada cost less than half of what they do here. I know that, nonetheless, the CRTC has just allowed Bell Canada yet another hefty increase in its rates. I know that Erik Barnouw is right when he says in The Sponsor: Notes on a Modern Potentate that “to manufacture a product without at the same time manufacturing a demand has become unthinkable.” (People have to be taught to want “The Long Distance Feeling.”) I know that these commercials have been successful in doing just that — revenue from long-distance calls increased by fifteen per cent last year. I know all these things and they bother me. But they don’t keep me from getting choked up every time that damn “Are You Lonesome Tonight?” commercial comes on TV.
— Saturday Night, November 1978
While the television landscape was frenetic with projected messages, these ingressive spots just appeared as havens, inviting participation, encouraging reflection. And each time a Long Distance Feeling spot aired, toll rose dramatically. I repeat, these were not projections, they were communions with viewers, nothing analogous, not actors acting, but rather memories and love restirring.
Television is a landscape, for the most part frenetic and noisy. We have made it that way because it is expensive and exciting and we feel we must be very dynamic when using it.
It is a mistake to define television as something we look at. We must think of it as something we look through, to see something else. We must reach through the medium to reach the person. We invariably think of television in terms of movement. The pictures almost always move. Yet when we put still pictures on television something interesting happens. We want to look at them. Because they’re recognized as stills, they alert the mind to look for content which explains. With moving pictures, we are trained to go for quick cuts and tricky bits which may, with music, deliver an effect which in itself explains nothing but is fun to look at. The right music, sometimes strange and unfamiliar, in conversation with sparse simple visuals can be haunting and thought-provoking. But the stylistic tethers which the awards show dictates consider kosher for the moment dictate the way we do ads (win approvals from judges), and we experiment little with the medium.
If we are quiet and intriguing, we can enter in near silence and stay for awhile in the viewer mind. This is the basis of ingression. The hard part of advertising; actually getting in to the viewer’s mind. Breaking through the clutter is merely elbowing your way through a crowd and having nothing to say when you get to the front. This work needs extensive thought and a research methodology which breaks free from the restrictive tenets of both qualitative and quantitative judgement which in the advertising milieu is frequently taken as fact, rather than as raw material for critical thinking.
An ingressive approach is based on the premise that the effectiveness of any communication is dependent on the depth of feeling realized by the recipient for that piece relative to the bank of feeling already held.
The psychological stance of a recipient is all important. Brand frequently tries to present a linear constancy of physical message, rather than tonality alone, mistaking the hardware of communication with the message itself.
But the message is always the feeling.
The most powerful weapon in the marketing armamentarium is still that of a big idea, be it the product or service itself or the perspective in which it is presented. When we deal with a consumer public, we, in many cases are up against whimsy, feelings and the potential for something I call “affection”.
These are sort of G-spots of communication.
They are notoriously difficult emotions to reach, let alone categorize and qualitatively or quantitatively chart as they involve delving into the inner feelings of people, and with advertising research methodologies, usually in a group pack atmosphere. Of course, many products and services may themselves not be capable of eliciting emotional responses from respondents. For this reason, marketing strategies may just deal with logical, epidermal benefits of products and services; value, price, availability, service, rather than on the effects these benefits have on that affection roster each consumer surely holds in her or his mind for certain products.
As well, because modern brand practice is system-driven, and technological systems abhor nuance and subtlety, obvious and blatant appeals to emotion tend to replicate themselves among competitors, and cars racing through bucolic and verdant countrysides in television commercials appear so often that Irish and Tuscan tourist boards must benefit greatly, even as car sales lag.
I believe that a consumer emotionally accepts the product on a tonal feeling of comfort basis, depending upon the product’s ability to inherently elicit feelings. If this is so, then marketing must lift the heavy emphasis on brand as control and begin to focus on stimulating the affectionate inner feelings of consumers relative to a product in question. The only way to do this is to throw emphasis on the creative idea as the driver which can reach past the logical appeals and the banal cliches and caress the cosy inner feelings of the subject consumer.
It may be easy to establish this tonality through the advertising, and this is sometimes very effective, but much product advertising may be enjoyed without the product itself eliciting that comfortable feeling, and hence not being purchased. Pepsi advertising is frequently liked better than Coke advertising, yet Coke is the enduring symbol of America, not Pepsi. It is the real thing. This ironic effect of “like of advertising with reluctance to purchase” results when the communication is pushed out from the marketing perspective rather than pulled in or ingressed from the customer/viewer perspective. (The converse can also be true, abysmal advertising will often not deter a consumer from enjoyment of a product toward which they feel affection).
It is always important that the tonality strives to increase the affection in which the product is held, not just in the execution of the advertising.
Surely this is the great challenge, to design advertising which stimulates and increases that feeling of affectionate need a consumer can have for a particular product. Merely creating awareness is not enough, we must create and then increase those affectionate inner feelings. Brand can’t always do this effectively because it normally throws emphasis on projected, controlled messages rather than reaching in to caress the consumer’s inner feelings and emotions, letting the consumer participate.
Brand as practiced today is predominately a technological control system and a system by definition is an enclosure. A fault of technology is its inability to process nuance, in fact, to tolerate nuance at all, PowerPoint being the classic example. Yet all feeling is composed of nuance, and nuance is what makes us all different, in the way we think, act and live.
As the elements of intuitive, creative and reflective thinking are not part of an enclosed system, they can open up the vast unexplored world of ideas and allow the unexpected, the serendipitous to occur. Why would we not take advantage of this phenomenon? When we slavishly use the brand system enclosure, we demean the importance of the freedom of the creative mind to explore, and to use nuance to reach those inner depths of affectionate feeling each consumer holds.
For all these reasons, the recipient’s feelings should dictate the execution. This requires solid intuitive, empathic, creative and critical thinking, the hallmarks of gifted creatives. With a dogmatic and rigid emphasis on brand dictates, creative potential to reach those inner feelings is hindered.
And, as can be clearly seen and heard in a retrospective of current advertising, creatives are left to merely construct witty lines or punny visuals, that play around the outer fringes of a consumer’s consciousness with no chance of exciting visceral feelings of affection.
How many ads do we see that are clever and witty in themselves, but bring no promise or affection for the product they serve? Offering affectation will not stoke and enhance affection in the consumer mind. Awareness is not enough. Having someone feel affectionate towards your product is money in the bank.
In THE SCIENCE OF THE BRANDS: ALCHEMY, ADVERTISING AND ACCOUNTANCY*, Anthony Tasgal, a talented British account planner (who may be a closet creative and a good one) argues for a move to biology from physics and scientific reductionism in thinking about problems in marketing and advertising communication. The physics approach has ensured the continued use of shaky reassurances such as quantitative research, what he calls arithmocracy; the dabbing of evaluative numbers on ideas, and a sense of brand safety because of rigid physical control of space through grids, templates and rules which purport to ensure predictability. The reality is that advertising research methodologies offer no such predictability.
A biological approach, using intuition, insight, empirical observation, a bit of human weirdness, close study and critical thinking would seem to offer more hope of breakthroughs. Biological approaches can be at least as effective as those formed from classical physics-based research methodologies. And quite probably as wrong, although the colossal failures of research which devastated the U.S. auto industry when the foreign car invasion began would be hard to top. So would the research that stated emphatically that Doyle Dane Bernbach’s campaign for Avis: ( WE’RE NO. 2, WE TRY HARDER) would fail miserably because Americans go with winners. Perhaps the first proponent of a biological approach, William Bernbach, ignored the research and a historic campaign was born. Strategically, it was brilliant, as there was no No. 2, just Hertz with a tremendous market share, and several other companies grovelling for crumbs. Avis instantly came up to the level of Hertz. This was the true mark of genius in the Avis campaign.
Another advantage of a biological approach is in its ability to move to the emotion side, away from the logic base of the scientific rationalists. Affection then becomes a tool although in so doing presents a problem to some creative teams who have been trained to react to briefs created in the nuance-free rationalist tradition. For example, the buzz word edgy has come to mean moving to one side of the creative spectrum, to shock, to show the bizarre, to move toward the taboos, as far away from emotion as possible. A major error resulting from thinking that “breaking through the clutter” is the sole purpose of advertising. Breaking through meaningfully into the mind is the business of advertising.
Whole reputations have been made by simply being more gross, disrespectful, shocking. The other side of this spectrum is infinitely more dangerous for the creative. It is the side wherein the creative attempts to reach a consumer with true emotion. The danger comes because the creative is operating near Hallmark country, where the possibility of accidently producing cheesy, banal and mawkishly sentimental work is absolute anathema to a creative’s reputation.
That’s why it’s dangerous. And that’s why it’s infinitely more difficult to operate successfully at this end of the edgy spectrum. In a minefield of cheese and corn. But there is another path, where true original feeling is virally delivered right into the heart of a consumer. Few creatives are capable or have the courage to move skillfully into this area, except perhaps, in those PSA spots which inherently offer blatant emotional appeal. But it is here that the progress will be made, the affection built and the true value of a great idea established.